Consider the U.S. national federal/health policies that have been adapted for the global
GLOBAL HEALTHCARE COMPARISON MATRIX AND NARRATIVE STATEMENT
If you talk about a possible poor health outcome, do you believe that outcome will occur? Do you believe eye contact and personal contact should be avoided?
You would have a difficult time practicing as a nurse if you believed these to be true. But they are very real beliefs in some cultures.
Differences in cultural beliefs, subcultures, religion, ethnic customs, dietary customs, language, and a host of other factors contribute to the complex environment that surrounds global healthcare issues. Failure to understand and account for these differences can create a gulf between practitioners and the public they serve.
In this Assignment, you will examine a global health issue and cons
Required Readings
- Milstead, J. A., & Short, N. M. (2019). Health policy and politics: A nurse’s guide (6th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.
- Chapter 11, “The Impact of Globalization: Nurses Influencing Global Health
Policy” (pp. 194–208)
- Chapter 11, “The Impact of Globalization: Nurses Influencing Global Health
- Corless, I. B., Nardi, D., Milstead, J. A., Larson, E., Nokes, K. M., Orsega, S., Kurth, A. E., … Woith, W. (2018). Expanding nursing’s role in responding to global pandemicsLinks to an external site.. Nursing Outlook, 66(4), 412–415.
- Donkin, A., Goldblatt, P., Allen, J., Nathanson, V., & Marmot, M. (2017). Global action on the social determinants of healthLinks to an external site.. BMJ Global Health, 3(1).
- Sandoval-Almazana, R., & Gil-Garcia, J. R. (2011). Are government internet portals evolving towards more interaction, participation, and collaboration? Revisiting the rhetoric of e-government among municipalitiesLinks to an external site.. Government Information Quarterly, 29(Suppl. 1), S72–S81.
- World Health OrganizationLinks to an external site. (WHO). (2021). World Health
Organization (WHO). http:// www.who.int
To Prepare:
- Review the World Health Organization’s (WHO) global health agenda and select one global health issue to focus on for this Assignment.
- Select at least one additional country to compare to the U.S. for this Assignment.
- Reflect on how the global health issue you se
lected is approached in the U.S. and in the additional country you selected. - Review and download the Global Health Comparison Matrix provided in the Resources.
The Assignment: (1- to 2-page Global Health
Part 1: Global Health Comparison Matrix
Focusing on the country you selected and the U.S., complete the Global Health Comparison Matrix. Be sure to address the following:
- Consider the U.S. national/federal health p
olicies that have been adapted for the global health issue you se lected from the WHO global health agenda. Compare these policies to the additional country you selected for study. - Explain the strengths and weaknesses of each policy.
- Explain how the social determinants of health may impact the global health issue you se
lected. Be specific and provide examples. - Using the WHO’s Organization’s global health
agenda as well as the results of your own research, analyze how each country’s government addresses cost, quality, and access to the global health issue select ed. - Explain how the health policy you selected
might impact the health of the global population. Be specific and provide examples. - Explain how the health policy you selected
might impact the role of the nurse in each country. - Explain how global health issues impact local healthcare organizations and policies in both countries. Be specific and provide examples.
Part 2: A Plan for Social Change
Reflect on the global health policy comparison and analysis you conducted in Part 1 of the Assignment and the impact that global health issues may have on the world, the U.S., your community, as well as your practice as a nurse leader.
In a 1-page response, create a plan for social change that incorporates a global perspective or lens into your local practice and role as a nurse leader.
- Explain how you would advocate for the incorporation of a global perspective or lens into your local practice and role as a nurse leader.
- Explain how the incorporation of a global perspective or lens might impact your local practice and role as a nurse leader.
- Explain how the incorporation of a global perspective or lens into your local practice as a nurse leader represents and contributes to social change. Be specific and provide examples
Expert Answer and Explanation
Advancing Health for All
There are several health issues affecting the global healthcare system. One way of addressing these issues is through policy formulation and implementation. This paper will review one of the global issues, namely advancing health for all, comparing how these issues are addressed in the US and Australia. The paper will also evaluate the impact of global perspectives on the nurse leader role and its impact on social change.
Global Health Comparison Grid
| Global Healthcare Issue | Advancing health for all | |
|
Description |
A system is as good as its weakest link. The recent COVID-19 pandemic provided clear lessons on the need to advance healthcare access, making it accessible to all. Most countries are facing disparities in healthcare coverage and provision. These disparities emerge from the healthcare financing structure, availability of healthcare workers, social determinants of health such as poverty and education, and other systemic issues (Cash-Gibson et al., 2018). Advancing healthcare to all requires both policy and systemic transformations to meet national and global health goals on equity. |
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|
Country |
United States | Australia. |
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Describe the policy in each country related to the identified healthcare issue. |
There are several health policies that try to address the issue of health equity and advancing health for all. However, the most prominent policy is the Affordable Care Act of 2010, which expanded Medicare and Medicaid coverage to capture more people from low-income and other vulnerable populations, including the elderly (McIntyre & Song, 2019) |
Australia has a Medicare program that provides free or low-cost healthcare services to all Australians who use the public healthcare system. For those who use private healthcare, the Medicare package caters for some of the expenses. The program’s financing was streamlined through the National Health Reform Agreement of 2011 (Dixit & Sambasivan, 2018). |
|
What are the strengths of this policy? |
Some of the strengths attached to the ACA include lower prescription costs and increased coverage for Americans, especially those from low-income households (McIntyre & Song, 2019). The ACA also removed the prohibitions that were initially present for people with preexisting health conditions. These efforts, in turn, made health accessible for a significant section of the population. |
The strength of the Australian Medicare policy, more so through the National Health Reform Agreement of 2011, is that it does not have restrictions on access to any Australian or some overseas visitors. The Medicare system provides comprehensive coverage for a wide range of healthcare services at low cost or in some circumstances no cost at all. The policy also gives priority to prevention interventions to reduce long-term healthcare costs (Dixit & Sambasivan, 2018) |
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What are the weaknesses of this policy?
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The ACA has its fair share of challenges, one of them being dissatisfaction related to the low impact of the policy for those who do not qualify for the ACA subsidies. Another weakness is complications related to shopping for coverage. In such a hybrid system, implementing the ACA has led to a loss in company-sponsored plans (McIntyre & Song, 2019). |
Like the ACA, the National Health Reform Agreement also brings with it a significant increase in healthcare costs, overdiagnosis, and overtreatment, which the Australian government is trying to address through other policies (Dixit & Sambasivan, 2018) |
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Explain how the social determinants of health may impact the specified global health issue. (Be specific and provide examples) |
Social determinants such as poverty affect the ability to afford healthcare services, thus impairing efforts to advance health to all, especially in systems that are not fully financed by the government like the US system. |
Education level and cultural practices are among the major hindrances in advancing healthcare to all. These two determinants affect the usability of healthcare services, even when it is fully funded by the government. |
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How has each country’s government addressed cost, quality, and access to the selected global health issue? |
The US government through the ACA introduced the aspect of value-based care model, which is a payment model that focuses more on the quality of services offered than the number of patients viewed. This approach reduces costs by cutting down on unnecessary diagnoses and hospital readmissions (McIntyre & Song, 2019). |
The Australian government has been trying to cut healthcare costs by focusing more on preventive programs and incentivizing cost-reduction strategies among individual healthcare institutions (Dixit & Sambasivan, 2018). The government has also tried to incentivize quality improvement reporting in a bid to enhance quality within the overall healthcare system. |
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How has the identified health policy impacted the health of the global population? (Be specific and provide examples) |
Policies like the ACA go towards addressing inequities within the healthcare system and, by extension, advance the United Nations Strategic Development Goals, specifically on improving global health and wellness. |
The Australian healthcare system through policies such as the National Health Agreement goes toward reducing health disparities by making health affordable to all, including some non-citizens, ultimately contributing to global health equity and advancing health for all. |
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Describe the potential impact of the identified health policy on the role of nurses in each country. |
The ACA put nurses in a position to actively participate and even lead quality improvement initiatives conforming with a value-based payment model. Additionally, the act also calls for nurses to advocate for increased healthcare coverage, especially among low-income households in a bid to enhance health equity. |
The Medicare program by the Australian government gives nurses a leading role in advancing primary health care, which is a core component of the National Healthcare Reform Agreement of 2011. |
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Explain how global health issues impact local healthcare organizations and policies in both countries. (Be specific and provide examples) |
Changing global health trends, for example, management and control of infectious diseases impact how the US government collaborates with other global partners, which also affects policies that govern such partnerships. Such policies impact different aspects of healthcare provision at the organizational level, including the availability of human and technological resources, including vaccines and medication. |
Global issues such as collaborative agreements impact aspects such as the allocation of resources dedicated by each government to finance local healthcare institutions. Such collaborations are pronounced especially in healthcare systems such as the Australian healthcare system which is financed majorly by the government. |
| General Notes/Comments | ||
A Plan for Social Change
As a nurse leader, it is important to understand that our practice is influenced not only at the national level but also at the global level. Similarly, the contributions we make at the local practice level to some degree affect the overall global health outcomes. One way to advocate for the incorporation of global perspectives in local practice and the role of a nurse leader is by encouraging nurses at the local practice level to apply evidence-based practice, where they scrutinize and apply the concepts from current literature, which considers best practice from different sources (Kilpatrick et al., 2023). Another way is by participating in evidence-based policy change programs, where one can give direct contributions towards policy formulation as a nurse leader, with consideration of global perspectives and best practices.
How Incorporation Might Impact Local Practice and Role as a Nurse Leader
Incorporating the global lens into practice allows nurse leaders to consider improvements or interventions from a larger perspective in the context of a wider global community rather than just the local level. Therefore, incorporating the global perspective might affect how nurses implement interventions. For example, vaccination drives, depending on emerging global trends towards a given infection such as COVID-19. Incorporating global perspectives also provides an opportunity for nurse leaders to consider collaborative interventions with peers from other countries with an effort towards making a larger impact, in research, policy formulation, and implementation of targeted interventions.
How Incorporation Impacts Social Change
The incorporation of global perspectives considers aspects like health equity, emerging technology, and dealing with emerging health issues such as control of epidemics. By looking at things from a global perspective, we consider the healthcare system from a larger perspective, meaning that the interventions created will be structured towards more significant social changes (Kilpatrick et al., 2023). A global perspective also highlights issues that the local system may not capture well, for example, existing systemic disparities, which collaborative policies may help to address.
Conclusion
Advancing health for all is among the challenges listed by the World Health Organization, which almost all healthcare systems are trying to address. This paper highlights how this issue is tackled using policies by the US government and the Australian government, making comparisons on the differences between the two policy perspectives. The paper also elaborates on how looking at health issues from a global perspective affects the role of a nurse leader and impact on social change.
References
Cash-Gibson, L., Rojas-Gualdrón, D. F., Pericàs, J. M., & Benach, J. (2018). Inequalities in global health inequalities research: A 50-year bibliometric analysis (1966-2015). PloS One, 13(1), e0191901. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191901
Dixit, S. K., & Sambasivan, M. (2018). A review of the Australian healthcare system: A policy perspective. SAGE Open Medicine, 6, 2050312118769211. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050312118769211
Kilpatrick, K., Savard, I., Audet, L. A., Kra-Friedman, A., Atallah, R., Jabbour, M., Zhou, W., Wheeler, K., Ladd, E., Gray, D. C., Henderson, C., Spies, L. A., McGrath, H., & Rogers, M. (2023). A global perspective of advanced practice nursing research: A review of systematic reviews protocol. PloS One, 18(1), e0280726. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280726
McIntyre, A., & Song, Z. (2019). The US Affordable Care Act: Reflections and directions at the close of a decade. PLoS Medicine, 16(2), e1002752. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002752
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Rubric
| Criteria | Ratings | Pts | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Global Healthcare Issues and PoliciesPart 1: Global Health Comparison MatrixFocusing on the country you selected and the U.S., complete the Global Health Comparison Matrix. Be sure to address the following:• Consider the U.S. national/federal health p |
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50 pts
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The Nurse’s Role in Global HealthcarePart 2: A Plan for Social ChangeReflect on the global health policy comparison and analysis you conducted in Part 1 of the Assignment. In a 1-page response, create a plan for social change that incorporates a global perspective or lens into your local practice and role as a nurse leader.• Explain how you would advocate for the incorporation of a global perspective or lens into your local practice and role as a nurse leader.• Explain how the incorporation of a global perspective or lens might impact your local practice and role as a nurse leader.• Explain how the incorporation of a global perspective or lens into your local practice as a nurse leader represents and contributes to social change. Be specific and provide examples. |
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35 pts
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Written Expression and Formatting – Paragraph Development and Organization: Paragraphs make clear points that support well developed ideas, low logically, and demonstrate continuity of ideas.Sentences are carefully focused– neither long and rambling nor short and lacking substance. A clear and comprehensive purpose statement and introduction is provided which delineates all required criteria. |
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5 pts
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Written Expression and Formatting – English Writing Standards: Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation |
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5 pts
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Written Expression and Formatting:The paper follows correct APA format for title page, font, spacing, parenthetical/in-text citations, and reference list). |
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5 pts
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Total Points: 100
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39 to >34.0 pts Fair
Explanation of the strengths and weaknesses of policies in the U.S. and another country is vague or inaccurate. …Explanation of how the social determinants of health impact the issue in the U.S. and another country, and/or the examples, are vague or inaccurate. …Explanation of how the governments of the two countries address cost, quality, and access related to the issue is vague or inaccurate. …Explanation of how the policy in each of the two countries impacts the health of the global population, and/or supporting examples, is vague or inaccurate. …Explanation of how the policies in each country impact the role of the nurse is vague or incomplete. …Explanation of how global health issues impact local healthcare organizations and policies in each of the two countries is vague or inaccurate.
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34 to >0 pts Poor
Explanation of the strengths and weaknesses of policies in the U.S. and another country is vague and inaccurate or is missing. …Explanation of how the social determinants of health impact the issue in the U.S. and in another country, and the examples, are vague and inaccurate, or is missing. …Explanation of how the governments of the two countries address cost, quality, and access related to the issue is vague and inaccurate or is missing. …Explanation of how the policy in each of the two countries impacts the global population, and supporting examples, is missing. …Explanation of how the policies in each country impact the role of the nurse is vague and inaccurate or is missing. …Explanation of how global health issues impact local healthcare organizations and policies in both countries is missing.
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27 to >24.0 pts Fair
Explanation of how one would advocate for the incorporation of a global perspective or lens into his/her role as a nurse leader is vague or incomplete. …Explanation of how the incorporation of a global perspective or lens might impact local practice and the role as a nurse leader is vague or incomplete. …Explanation of how the incorporation of a global perspective or lens in one’s role as a nurse represents and contributes to social change, and/or supporting examples provided, are vague or incomplete.
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24 to >0 pts Poor
Explanation of how one would advocate for the incorporation of a global perspective or lens into his/her role as a nurse leader is vague and incomplete or is missing. …Explanation of how the incorporation of a global perspective or lens might impact local practice and the role as a nurse leader is vague and incomplete or is missing. …Explanation of how the incorporation of a global perspective or lens in one’s role as a nurse represents and contributes to social change, and/or supporting examples, is missing.
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