Evidence is important in understanding and making decisions regarding public health. Empirical articles serve as credible sources of support
Evidence is important in understanding and making decisions regarding public health. Empirical articles serve as credible sources of support because they provide or describe evidence based on research. Empirical articles describe original research or the results of a study.
Begin by researching major causes and trends in morbidity and mortality in the United States. Once you have completed your research, identify one health issue related to morbidity and mortality. Locate three empirical articles from the GCU Library related to primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention, one for each level of prevention, including health promotion and screening related to the health issue you have identified in your research. Utilize the “PUB-510 Levels of Prevention Matrix” in order to evaluate your chosen articles.
Your selected articles must have been published within the last 5 years, and the information discussed in your matrix must be paraphrased/summarized.
While APA style is not required for the body of this assignment, solid academic writing is expected, and documentation of sources should be presented using APA formatting guidelines, which can be found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.
This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. A link to the LopesWrite technical support articles is located in Class Resources if you need assistance.
Sample Expert Answer and Explanation
PUB-510 Levels of Prevention Matrix
| Criteria and Defining Characteristics | Article 1 | Article 2 | |
| Citation | Byambasuren, O., Hattingh, L., Jones, M., Obuccina, M., Craig, L., Clark, J., … & Cardona, M. (2023). Two decades of overuse and underuse of interventions for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases: a systematic review. Current Problems in Cardiology, 48(3), 101529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2022.101529 | Dixit, J., Prinja, S., Jyani, G., Bahuguna, P., Gupta, A., Vijayvergiya, R., & Kumar, R. (2023). Evaluating efficiency and equity of prevention and control strategies for rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in India: An extended cost-effectiveness analysis. The Lancet Global Health, 11(3), e445-e455. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00552-6 | |
| Abstract
|
The study addresses the levels of overuse and underuse of services for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) over the past two decades. The focus will be on understanding how these trends have deviated from clinical practice guidelines and the implications for patient care. | The study focuses on the cost-effectiveness of combined primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention strategies for rheumatic fever and heart disease in India. The study will evaluate the impact of these strategies on different socioeconomic groups. | |
| Introduction: | The study aims to evaluate the adherence to clinical guidelines in the use of medications and procedures for preventing cardiovascular diseases. The scope covers various global regions over two decades. The study’s rationale is based on the significant morbidity, mortality, and financial burden of CVD, making it the leading cause of death worldwide. The study seeks to identify the reasons for overuse and underuse of CVD prevention methods, with a hypothesis that guideline non-adherence is widespread. The study reviews literature on overuse/underuse trends and their implications. | The study’s purpose is to assess the efficiency and equity of combined prevention strategies for rheumatic fever and heart disease in India. The scope includes evaluating costs and health outcomes across different wealth quartiles. The rationale is rooted in the need for efficient resource allocation to prevent and control rheumatic diseases, which have significant public health implications in India. The hypothesis is that combined prevention strategies are cost-effective and beneficial, particularly for poorer populations. The study provides a comprehensive literature review on prevention strategies and their effectiveness. | |
| Methods: | The study samples 13 studies from different global regions, focusing on the adult population receiving CVD preventive care. Data collection involved systematic reviews of existing studies on medication prescription, testing, and lifestyle recommendations. The procedures included screening and analyzing literature for relevance to CVD prevention. | The population sampled includes a hypothetical cohort of 5-year-old children in India. Data collection involved constructing a Markov model to estimate lifetime costs and outcomes. Additional procedures included interviewing 702 patients from a rheumatic disease registry to assess out-of-pocket expenses and quality of life. | |
| Results: | Findings indicate widespread overuse of certain medications and underuse of others, with significant variation across regions. Data was collected through systematic reviews and was supported by tables and charts showing variations in guideline adherence. The analysis reveals a trend of under-prescribing necessary medications and over-prescribing where not indicated. | The study finds that secondary and tertiary prevention strategies are the most cost-effective, particularly in poorer populations. Data was collected through patient interviews and model simulations, with findings presented in tables and graphs. The analysis indicates a significant reduction in rheumatic heart disease cases and out-of-pocket expenses, particularly in the lowest income groups. | |
| Conclusion: | The study concludes that there is significant non-adherence to CVD prevention guidelines, leading to both overuse and underuse of interventions. Future research should focus on understanding the underlying causes of these trends and developing strategies to improve adherence to clinical guidelines. | The study concludes that combined secondary and tertiary prevention strategies are the most cost-effective for managing rheumatic diseases in India. Future research should explore ways to optimize these strategies for broader implementation across various populations. | |
| References | The study uses a total of 59 references.
Two examples:
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The study uses a total of 58 references.
Two examples:
|
| Article 3 |
| Eliasson, A., Kashani, M., & Vernalis, M. (2021). Results of a prospective cardiovascular disease prevention program. Preventive Medicine Reports, 22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101344
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| The research focuses on the effectiveness of a 12-month lifestyle modification program in preventing cardiovascular disease, focusing on adherence to therapeutic lifestyle changes (TLC) and its impact on cardiovascular risk factors. |
| The study aims to assess the impact of a year-long cardiovascular disease prevention program focused on therapeutic lifestyle changes (TLC). The scope includes evaluating behavioral and clinical outcomes in a diverse population at risk for CVD. The rationale is based on the potential for TLC to significantly reduce CVD risk in a cost-effective manner. The hypothesis is that structured lifestyle interventions can improve cardiovascular health outcomes. The study reviews the effectiveness of various lifestyle interventions in CVD prevention. |
| The population sampled includes 965 adults eligible for care in the military health care system. Data collection involved comprehensive health assessments and personalized action plans over 12 months, with both on-site and telephonic coaching. Other procedures included measuring anthropometrics, laboratory tests, and a subset’s carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT). |
| Findings show significant improvements in dietary habits, exercise, stress management, and cardiovascular biomarkers among participants. Data was collected through health assessments and coaching sessions, with results supported by tables and statistical analyses. The study found substantial reductions in BMI, blood pressure, and cholesterol levels, suggesting the effectiveness of the TLC program. |
| The study concludes that a structured lifestyle modification program can significantly improve cardiovascular risk factors and overall health. Future research should explore longer-term impacts and include control groups to strengthen the findings. |
| The study uses a total of 78 references.
Two examples:
|
References
Byambasuren, O., Hattingh, L., Jones, M., Obuccina, M., Craig, L., Clark, J., … & Cardona, M. (2023). Two decades of overuse and underuse of interventions for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases: a systematic review. Current Problems in Cardiology, 48(3), 101529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2022.101529
Dixit, J., Prinja, S., Jyani, G., Bahuguna, P., Gupta, A., Vijayvergiya, R., & Kumar, R. (2023). Evaluating efficiency and equity of prevention and control strategies for rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in India: An extended cost-effectiveness analysis. The Lancet Global Health, 11(3), e445-e455. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00552-6
Eliasson, A., Kashani, M., & Vernalis, M. (2021). Results of a prospective cardiovascular disease prevention program. Preventive Medicine Reports, 22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101344
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