The purpose of this assignment is to evaluate three planning models and describe where, how, and why they are used.
Planning Models and Application Approach Worksheet
The purpose of this assignment is to evaluate three planning models and describe where, how, and why they are used.
Use the “Planning Models and Application Approach Worksheet” to complete the assignment.
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Expert Answer and Explanation
Planning Models and Application Approach
| Planning Models | Key Constructs | Example of Application
Provide specific details about where, how, and why the selected planning model was used. |
| PRECEDE-PROCEED | The PRECEDE-PROCEED model is a comprehensive framework that guides health program planning and evaluation through its two main phases. In the PRECEDE phase, the focus is on diagnostic assessment to identify the specific health issues, environmental factors, and behaviors that need to be addressed (Handyside et al., 2021). It includes four steps: social assessment, epidemiological assessment, behavioral and environmental assessment, and educational and ecological assessment. This phase aims to understand the underlying causes of health issues and pinpoint factors that either promote or hinder health behaviors, such as knowledge, attitudes, and support systems.
The PROCEED phase moves into policy and regulatory aspects, detailing the steps necessary for implementing and evaluating interventions. This phase consists of five steps: administrative and policy assessment, implementation, process evaluation, impact evaluation, and outcome evaluation (Bahadori et al., 2021). The PROCEED phase emphasizes aligning interventions with local policies, organizational goals, and available resources, while the evaluation stages ensure that the intervention’s effectiveness is measured and adaptations are made as needed. |
The PRECEDE-PROCEED model was applied in a rural community program to reduce diabetes prevalence. The program began with the PRECEDE phase, conducting a needs assessment to identify health behaviors and risk factors linked to diabetes, such as limited access to healthcare, low physical activity levels, and dietary patterns high in processed foods (Handyside et al., 2021). Predisposing factors like knowledge gaps about diabetes, enabling factors such as access to community health services, and reinforcing factors, including family support, were identified to guide intervention planning (Kim et al., 2022).
During the PROCEED phase, interventions were implemented, such as community workshops on diabetes management, partnerships with local gyms for discounted memberships, and healthy cooking demonstrations. Evaluation methods included periodic screenings and participant feedback on behavior change (Handyside et al., 2021). This model was used because it allowed for an intervention tailored to the unique needs and strengths of the rural community while incorporating ongoing evaluation to measure success and make necessary adjustments. |
| Intervention Mapping | Intervention Mapping (IM) is a structured, theory-driven model designed to bridge the gap between problem assessment and intervention development, especially for complex health behavior challenges (Solhi et al., 2020). The IM framework includes six distinct steps that guide the creation of an evidence-based, targeted intervention. In Step 1 (Needs Assessment), health issues are thoroughly analyzed to identify gaps in knowledge, barriers, and facilitators related to the behavior. Step 2 (Change Objectives) involves setting specific goals for behavior change, breaking down desired outcomes into measurable objectives.
Step 3 (Theoretical Methods and Practical Applications) selects behavior change methods grounded in psychological theory, such as social learning or self-efficacy theories, and translates them into practical applications. Step 4 (Program Design) organizes these methods into a cohesive program with structured activities and educational content. Step 5 (Implementation Plan) focuses on designing a strategy for the program’s adoption and long-term sustainability within the community or organization. Finally, Step 6 (Evaluation Plan) involves developing criteria and methods to assess the intervention’s effectiveness, ensuring that the program remains adaptable based on outcomes (Cortinovis & Geneletti, 2020). |
Intervention Mapping was applied to develop a school-based program targeting smoking prevention among teenagers in urban schools. In the needs assessment stage, data from student surveys revealed a high smoking prevalence, peer influence, and limited knowledge of smoking risks. Change objectives were created to reduce peer pressure and increase awareness of smoking’s health impacts (Kim, 2021). Evidence-based methods, such as role-playing and peer-led discussions, were organized into a structured program targeting adolescents’ understanding of smoking consequences and their ability to resist social pressures.
The program included interactive workshops and activities, and the final steps focused on promoting sustainability by training school counselors to lead sessions and involving parents in educational meetings. Evaluation plans were established to track students’ smoking rates over time (Kim, 2021). This model was chosen due to its structured approach, allowing for targeted behavioral objectives and its emphasis on sustainability through community and school involvement. |
| MAP-IT | The MAP-IT model, developed by Healthy People 2020, is a practical framework for community health improvement that emphasizes collaboration, assessment, planning, action, and evaluation (Ho et al., 2024). Mobilize is the first step, which focuses on building partnerships with key stakeholders, such as community leaders, healthcare providers, and public health officials. The intervention gains broad support, ensuring that various perspectives contribute to program design. Assess follows, in which data is collected to understand the health needs, strengths, and gaps within the community.
This stage ensures that the program will address relevant and well-defined health issues (Hayden, 2021). Plan is the third step, where specific goals, objectives, and action steps are developed based on the findings from the assessment phase. It includes defining responsibilities, setting timelines, and outlining the resources required. In the Implement stage, the intervention is put into action, engaging the community and following the steps outlined in the plan. Lastly, Track involves ongoing monitoring of progress and outcomes, with regular feedback to measure effectiveness and inform necessary adjustments. |
The MAP-IT model was applied in a public health initiative to increase vaccination rates in a suburban area. The Mobilize phase involved gathering local healthcare providers, school officials, and community leaders to collaborate on the project (Gordon et al., 2023). The Assess phase identified low awareness of vaccination schedules and some vaccine hesitancy due to misinformation. In the Plan phase, tailored strategies were developed, including community outreach, informational flyers, and vaccine clinics in accessible locations.
The program was Implemented by conducting vaccination drives in schools and community centers. Regular progress tracking was done to assess vaccination rates and gather feedback from participants (Gordon et al., 2023). MAP-IT was chosen for this project due to its community-centered approach and clear tracking mechanisms, which helped ensure that the intervention adapted to the community’s evolving needs and achieved measurable improvements in vaccination rates. |
References
Bahadori, F., Ghofranipour, F., Zarei, F., Ziaei, R., & Ghaffarifar, S. (2021). Application of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model in prevention of brucellosis focused on livestock vaccination process. BMC Veterinary Research, 17, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-021-03099-y
Cortinovis, C., & Geneletti, D. (2020). A performance-based planning approach integrating supply and demand of urban ecosystem services. Landscape and Urban Planning, 201, 103842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.103842
Gordon, J. R., Yack, M., Kikuchi, K., Stevens, L., Merchant, L., Buys, C., … & Wetter, D. W. (2023). practice partnership: supporting rural cancer survivors in Montana. Cancer Causes & Control, 34(12), 1085-1094.
Handyside, L., Warren, R., Devine, S., & Drovandi, A. (2021). Utilisation of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model in community pharmacy for health needs assessment: A narrative review. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 17(2), 292-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.03.021
Hayden, J. (2021). Introduction to Public Health Program Planning. Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Ho, C., Zou, J., Alama, O., Kumar, S. M. J., Chiang, B., Gupta, T., … & Scherer, S. (2024). Map It Anywhere (MIA): Empowering Bird’s Eye View Mapping using Large-scale Public Data. arXiv preprint arXiv:2407.08726. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2407.08726
Kim, J., Jang, J., Kim, B., & Lee, K. H. (2022). Effect of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model on health programs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Systematic Reviews, 11(1), 213. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-022-02092-2
Kim, S. (2021). Using intervention mapping to develop a media literacy-based smoking prevention program for female adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(12), 6305. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126305
Solhi, M., Azar, F. E. F., Abolghasemi, J., Maheri, M., Irandoost, S. F., & Khalili, S. (2020). The effect of educational intervention on health-promoting lifestyle: Intervention mapping approach. Journal of education and health promotion, 9(1), 196. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_768_19
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FAQs:
What are the three different types of planning used in the function of management?
The three main types of planning used in the function of management are:
- Strategic Planning: Long-term planning that sets overall goals and direction for the organization.
- Tactical Planning: Medium-term planning that focuses on implementing specific strategies to achieve strategic goals.
- Operational Planning: Short-term planning that outlines the day-to-day activities and tasks required to meet tactical objectives. Each type of planning plays a critical role in ensuring organizational success and alignment across all levels of management.
What are the Three Models of Strategy?
The three primary models of strategy are:
- Porter’s Generic Strategies – Focuses on cost leadership, differentiation, and focus to gain a competitive advantage.
- The Resource-Based View (RBV) – Emphasizes leveraging a company’s unique resources and capabilities to build a sustainable advantage.
- The Blue Ocean Strategy – Encourages businesses to create new market spaces with little competition rather than competing in existing markets.